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INTRODUCTION:
After a careful review of available religious sources in
reference to the CREATIONS,
including The Translator's Handbooks
for Genesis and especially the writings of Joseph Smith, along with various scientific
journals, an entirely different picture of the CREATION emerges. Science flourishes when there are baffling new
problems to be solved, and it stagnates when the problems are relative few.
Questioning, after all, is the essence of science." (Morris p. 19) But science is found lacking when it ignores
the truths of revelation. At least THREE
CREATIONAL EPISODES are clearly indicated by Joseph Smith. . At 3:15 PM, the 7th
of April 1843, Joseph "commenced speaking on the subject of the dead--relative
to the death of elder King Follet who was crushed in a well, by
the falling of a tub of rock on him." (Ehat p. 340) This has become known as
the King Follet Discourse, (KFD) it
is one of the most seminal discourses given by the Prophet. This study on the CREATIONS is meant to be comprehensive,
but it is not exhaustive. It is an initial attempt to collate the accounts
found in the King Follet Discourse with other available information to arrive at a picture
of what transpired in the Cosmos or Universe. With some documentation and a
little discussion the three CREATIONS
will be outlined with the intent that it will be clear enough so that others
might clarify the points discussed, should they be inclined to do so.
THE FIRST CREATION
A six column Comparisons
of Original Notes and Amalgamations
of the King Follet Discourse was prepared by Donald Q. Cannon and Larry E. Dahl in
1983. It is this Amalgamation that we will refer to in the treatment that
follows. I will also draw on data compiled
and used in the astronomy classes I teach. "To understand the process of
science you must appreciate the difference between information and knowledge
[and revelation]. Put succinctly, information is a body of facts, whereas knowledge is the understanding of what those facts mean. We live in an era when it
is easy to be inundated by facts." (O'Dell p. 161) Revelation is the final
fulcrum on which a balance is achieved. References to the Universe as outlined
in the doctrines left by Joseph will also be used. Our objective is to see where the present
available teachings of Joseph and the available facts of science lead us, anticipating
there will be a future revision.
The CREATIONS are
all about man and his ultimate destiny. In fact they begin with a personage
called Man of Holiness. (Moses
7:34) "The Church does set up...the doctrine that there are found in the Universe
personal individual intelligences. Each of these is characterized by possession
of a will...These intelligences have the power to operate upon the other contents
of the universe...The whole story of the universe may be told in the actions of
personal intelligences on matter and energy...The distinction between a personal
intelligence and the operations of it must be clearly drawn. God the Supreme Intelligence is
a personal intelligence. His
influence...extends throughout the universe."
(Widtsoe pp. 190-193) "The contents of the universe are
indestructible...the personal intelligences of the universe are also indestructible
...man, one of these personal intelligences, is eternal, everlasting." (Widtsoe pp.192-195;
D&C 29:31. 32:76; 12, 13; 49:17; Moses 3:5-7) "Man was also in the
beginning with God. Intelligence, or the light of truth, was not created or made, neither indeed can
be." (D&C 93:29.The most lengthy discussions of these doctrines are developed
by Roberts in his books: The Atonement
and The
Dispensations, (B.H. Roberts) and
summarized by Madsen (Madsen p. 24-28)
McConkie seemed to have differing thoughts, but no one championed his
ideas. President Spencer W. Kimball seems to have shed light on the subject by
seeming to summarize that the numerous worlds indicated in Moses 1: 33, and an
immensity of worlds in Moses 7:30, the so called Enoch Numbers by saying: "God
has taken these intelligences and
given to them spirit bodies and
given them instruction and training." (Kimball p. 32) Elder Scott has mentioned in a devotional at
BYU Ricks, in 2004 and in conference since then that "your Intelligence was
given a spirit body" connecting clearly with the foregoing.
THE IMMENSITY OF THE UNIVERSE
The number of earthly creations described by God to Enoch can
lead to a Delirium of Immensity. (Moses
7:30) First one has to number the particles of the earth. Today we have that
number. One gets the total particles of
the earth by dividing the mass of the earth by the mass of the hydrogen atom or
the proton, which is the basic building block of all elements, and from which
all matter of this physical mortal portion of the universe is constructed. NASA
in its equations for all matters of gravity and space application uses the
number of 10 to the 52nd, the total protons that make up the total
mass of the earth. But this minimum number has to be increased by millions of earths
like this one, (Moses 7:30), which expands the basic number to about l0 to the
62nd. But this would be merely the beginning of God's creations, for
his "curtain stretches out still." (Moses 7:30) One would need the same number of suns, one
for each world, and the same amount of moons, one for each world, but the
number would not include the stars of the galaxies... Would these combined numbers
even approach the "them" referred to
by President Kimball. (Kimball p. 32). Also required would be 3,500 to 10,000 additional
close by stars because each system has a ‘heaven' for seasons and light. What
about all the other background stars?
This does not account for all of the stars in all their
variety that do not serves or function in a given system except to provide a
stellar environment. One can compare this with the declaration by science at
its present stage of development that there is not much more than 10 to the 25th
total stars estimated in the known Universe. The disparity of these
numbers is so great as to suggest that science is in kindergarten and needs to
advance to the first grade at least. But
this is not the only area in which they are deficient, there are others.
Science now concludes that in our galaxy alone, some 5
million civilizations ‘turned on'
during the past 5 billion years. The search for Extra
Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI) began in 1982; the Drake Equation discussed in
1992 for expected worlds like our own is still operational. (Shostak p. 115) Such
systems are confined to the restricted "habitable zone" in each galaxy. A zone
where there is about one star in each four square light years not so close as
to create interference. The closest star to the earth is Proxima Centauri,
about 4.2 light years away. (Frances
p. 248) Finding other systems, earth-sun-moon and stars, beyond what we now
know of the Universe is a great challenge. Because earth's temporal existence
is much shorter than the life time of the Sun, could the sun be recycled and
used over again for another earth when ours becomes Celestial?
Current equipment planned for the next two decades (Seife
pp. 241-247) will not change the minimum number by very much. None of the new instruments will penetrate
into the geography of the Universe which includes Celestial, Terrestrial,
Telestial, and Kingdoms of no glory, nor the regions of Intelligencies or Higher Kingdoms.
(D&C 130-10) There has been little
discussion on the Geography of the Universe, but Mormon doctrine is explicit.
They know much more than all other peoples about the geography of the Universe.
Science is restricted to a concept that does not yet allow for such dimensions.
D&C 76, 84, 88) To contemplate the
immensity of the Universe is quite thrilling!
Everything except the region inhabited by Intelligences has
been organized or created by the Father or those he has delegated creational
activity to, such as Jesus and Michael, et al. al. (Moses l:32-33) The geography or place of the Intelligences
has been there forever. (D&C 93:29)
At some point in time did the Father and the Son, and perhaps a few
others, decided to see what else was in the Universe and in their activity did they
come to know all there is to know and learned all the Laws of the Universe, and
recognized the vast opportunities that were there for man?
UNIVERSAL LAW
"Personal intelligences, or intelligent personalities, are
among the indestructible units of the universe.
The essential part of man has always existed...Personal Intelligences were
subject to the unchanging relationships, the laws of the universe. These laws
could be used, but never abrogated by intelligent beings...The whole story of
man's life (or existence) from the time of the "beginning," may be told in
terms of man's active relationship to eternal universal law." (Widtsoe p. 197) Concerning
his Omnipotence: "Not even God may place
himself beyond the boundary of space: nor on the outside of duration. Nor is it conceivable to human thought that
he can create space, or annihilate matter. ...God is Omniscient up to the point
that further progress in knowledge is impossible to him...all knowledge that is,
all that exists, God knows. ...he is the All-knowing One, because he knows all
that is known." (Roberts p. 70; Abraham
3:19)
When the great physicist Stephen Hawking was asked whether
or not he believed in God, he replied "by saying that the laws of science [and religion] determine the evolution of the
universe and that God may or may not have created those laws, but he cannot
intervene, or else they wouldn't be laws."
(Cohen p. 8)
GOD THE HIGHEST
INTELLIGENCE
"The foremost
intelligence in the universe is God, Him whom we address in our prayers
as Father. (D&C 20:17; D&C
76:92; 93:121: 32; 88:40; 109:77) ...God the highest
intelligence, possesses supreme
knowledge and power. All there is to know he knows. [Roberts, p. 70, Abraham
3:19] Indeed we have reason to believe that His knowledge is the sum of the knowledge
possessed by all existing personal intelligences, and His power the sum of the
powers of such personal beings." (Widtsoe p. 198) President Hinkley says there is One Universe,
and Father is the ruler of that Universe. (Ensign July 2006)
"The gradation from the lowest to the highest of the
personal intelligences in the universe appears to be continuous." (Widtsoe p.
199) Their status is certainly dependent
on the exercise or lack of the use of free will. Among the vast community of
intelligences, some stood out with particularity. Two of them, now known as
Elohim and Jehovah, persisted in an effort to gain conquest over the laws of
the Universe. "In ‘the beginning' which transcends our understanding, God [the
Father] undoubtedly exercised his will vigorously, and thus gained experience
of the forces lying about him. ...by persistent efforts of will, his recognition
of Universal Laws became greater until he attained at last a conquest over the universe which...seems
absolutely complete...through self-effort, the inherent and innate powers of God
have been developed to a God-like degree. Thus, He ...became God...His intelligence
is as the sum of all other intelligences. ..His Godhood, however is the product
of simple obedience to the laws of the universe." (Widtsoe p. 25, Abraham 3:19) "God offered to help some of the waiting
intelligent beings secure the knowledge that he had already gained [Was one of
these Mother in Heaven?] in such a manner that they need not traverse the road that he had
traversed, but might find other and perhaps simpler opportunities of universal
existence. He devised plans of progression...A lone God in the universe cannot
find great joy in his power." (Widtsoe p. 27)
Were these "some" the "some" President Kimball referred to?
Were we among the watching and waiting Intelligences? It seems that at least two individuals,
perhaps more, had left the world of Intelligences and set out to gain conquest over
all the laws of the Universe. At a certain point, one of that group, now known
as the FATHER, initiated creational activities and brought some of the first
and essential initial worlds into existence. (Cannon p. 33) This would have been the FIRST CREATION.
THE FIRST SPIRIT WORLD-THE FIRST
UN-MORTAL WORLD-THE FIRST MORTAL WORLD-THE FIRST CELESTIAL WORLD
First, wasn't there a need for a WORLD OF SPIRIT or a place where Father got his
spirit body? Next, wouldn't there need to have been created an UNMORTAL WORLD in preparation for Father to partake of a substance that
would render that world and Himself mortal? Was there another way? Did Father
become mortal by a similar process future Adams
and Eves become mortal? Or was there another process? Didn't Father resurrect
himself and wouldn't that resurrection have glorified him and the FIRST MORTAL WORLD? Wouldn't this have
then been the first CELESTIAL WORLD where spirits could be born into?
Is this where Christ was born and became the First Spirit Man born under this
Plan? What else did Father have to do to
prepare that Celestial World for inhabitants that He himself would procreate? To
what extent did he experiment? Did He learn by some process that the elements
had to be watched in order that they would obey? (Abraham 4:18) Was He a lone God
in the Universe at that time? (Widtsoe p. 27) Did he then help another
Intelligence through the same process as he had followed or one nearly the same?
In the Proclamation on Family given to the church by the First Presidency
didn't they stipulate that Gender is Eternal? Contrary to MacDonald, there was
male and female. (MacDonald p. l) Does this mean a female intelligence was
following the success of this Supreme Being and then joined him in an eternal
relationship? To accomplish this was there prepared for Her a second SPIRIT WORLD, and then a second UN-MORTAL
WORLD, and then a second MORTAL WORLD? Did they end up with
two celestial worlds? Did they prepare
or select one of these for their next step in the bringing forth through
procreation the spirits bodies for Intelligences that had been waiting? Of
Course, Christ was the first. "I was in the beginning with the Father [and the
Mother], and am the Firstborn." (D&C 93:21; Roberts, pp. 7-11) Was this
where we were all nurtured and prepared for a short Mortal Life to finish the
process by which we would become immortal and have life eternal like them? Isn't
this what primary children are taught? (Moses 1:38-39; D&C 93:29) Did Father establish the geography in which all
of this happened? Did he prepare
Celestial Space and set up his Kingdom?
When the CELESTIAL
WORLD was completed and readied, and
an eternal relationship between FATHER
and MOTHER was established, who was
the first born into that world? Wasn't it
Christ? He was the First Spirit Man, The First Born of All Creatures, the Elder
brother of all others who followed in the Family of God. (D&C 93:21)
"Christ is greater than any and all others...by His seniority as the oldest or
firstborn...his unique status in the flesh as the offspring of a mortal mother
and a Immortal Father, resurrected and glorified...by His selection and
foreordination as the one and only Redeemer and Savior...and his transcendent
sinlessness." (Clark pp. 33-34) Christ
is the son of One Father, and the Son of two Mothers. (Franzmann p. 48) "The great and glorious plan of His redemption
[included in the Plan]; the sacrifice prepared, the atonement wrought out in
the mind and purpose of God, even in the person of the Son." (Dahl p. 55) Was
that when Christ realized his was going to be an essential, necessary, eternal
contribution?
THE EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR BOOK
The Egyptian Grammar Book refers to the FATHER five times, in a progressive manner as he achieves
recognition, Exaltation and Glory through his persistence. He is called Ahlish. "The name of the FIRST BEING: supreme intelligence." (Smith p 17) Later as he gained knowledge and power
(Abraham 3:19) the name Ahlish conveyed the meaning of "Supreme Power," (Smith p.
13) but perhaps he would not have arrived at this height until his conquest over the laws of the
universe had become complete. The name
Ah- lish also implied "the first being clothed with SUPREME GLORY." (Smith
p. 9) Which also presupposes that he had arrived at a fullness of glory. And finally, "Ah-lish. The first being-supreme
intelligence; supreme power; supreme glory; supreme Justice; supreme mercy
without beginning of life or end of life comprehending all things, seeing all
things-the invisible and eternal godhead." (Smith p. 3) All of these refer to God the Father as we now
know him. "He formulated in his own mind a Plan. The plan of salvation is founded on love."
(Widtsoe p. 202) Was he following some body's else's plan? Isn't God, alone, the author of the Plan? "God
is the Author of the full plan!"
(Widtsoe p. 202) He saw fit to initiate laws and a Plan to fulfill his purpose: "Behold this is my work and my
glory—to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of man." (Moses l:39) In his own mind Father wrought out the atonement
knowing all that would be required. (Dahl p. 55) Wasn't this the PLAN OF SALVATION? (Erickson 5 Oct 2004) Once accepted as Intelligences there was no
turning back.
In the beginning in the ‘realm' of intelligences does it
seem that at least Elohim and Jehovah among the vast host of Intelligences
began to deliberately engage in the conquest over the laws of the universe, by
exercising their agency and will? (Widtsoe RT p. 25) Did they separate
themselves by this effort from all the other Intelligencies. They "must have been engaged from the
beginning, and must now be engaged in progressive development." (Widtsoe RT p.
24) Elohim "In some manner, mysterious to us, he has recognized and utilized
the laws of the universe of which he is the chief intelligence." (Widstoe p. 24,
Abraham 3:19) Joseph taught: "In
knowledge there is power. God has more power than all other beings, because he
has greater knowledge; hence he knows how to subject all other beings to
himself. He has power over all." (Sermon at Nauvoo April, 8th, 1843,
HC Vol. V, p. 340) "Infinite as God is,
he must have been less powerful in the past than he is today." (Widtsoe RT p.
24) Joseph said "We imagine that God was
God from the beginning of all eternity.
I will refute that idea." (Smith p. 29) "He was once a man like one of us, and that
God himself, the Father of us all, once dwelled on an earth." (Smith p.
29) How did he become earthly? How long did he dwell on an earth? Was it
only a short time? Was it only long enough to get his body and to "lay down his
body and take it up again." Didn't Adam
and Eve by partaking of a certain substance as mature immortal adult
individuals find themselves earthly? (TC;
Cannon p. 31) "We say that God Himself is a self-existent God." (Cannon p. 49) He "had already passed through the experiences
of mortal life, including death and resurrection, and was therefore a Being
possessed of a perfect, immortalized body of flesh and bones, while the Son was
yet unembodied." (Talmage p. 39) We know nothing of that earthly experience.
But Jesus was an observer and saw the Father lay down his body and take it up
again. Joseph asked "Jesus, what are you going to do? to lay down my life as my father laid down
His body that I might take it up again."
(Cannon p. 31) Were there other
observers?
HOW GOD BECAME GOD:
Joseph Smith wanted to convey information concerning FATHER and said "it is necessary to understand the
character and being of God. For I am going to tell you how God came to be God
and what sort of a being He is. For we have imagined that God was God from the
beginning of all eternity...he was once a man like one of us and that God
himself, the father of us all, once dwelled on an earth." (Cannon p. 29)
Thus, engaged as an observer of the First Creation, Christ
"saw the Father work out His kingdom with fear and trembling." (Cannon p. 33) "When worlds
came rolling into existence." (Cannon p. 33).
What worlds might these have
been? What kind of world and existence would Father require first? Would the First World have been a Spirit
World in which Father clothed his Intelligence with Spirit? (Moses 3:5)
Having learned the specific laws governing spirit existence and a spirit
body, did he become so adept at this process that God now seems to do it for
all of his creations? (Moses 3:5) Did he learn the laws so well that when it
came time to provide a spirit body for Christ, he utilized a simpler process
which we now call procreation? Literally Christ was born into a Spirit world as
the First Born Spirit Man. The First Born of all Creatures. (Widtsoe pp.
202-203; Clark p. 244)
Is it apparent that God has mastered all of the laws
governing the creation of Spirit Bodies, and the laws governing the creation of
Unmortal or non-mortal worlds
followed by a Mortal World? Was not the
body procreated for Adam an unmortal
body? (Abraham l:3) Was Father then involved in the equivalent of the Tree of
Life Episode of Adam and Eve partaking of some kind of chemistry to become a
mortal being? (Talmage p. 39) In this
status was he alone? Had he mastered the laws of mortality so completely that
once becoming mortal he could then lay down his body and take it up again as a resurrected
Celestial Being? (Cannon p. 31)
All the time Father was making such progress was there a
companion and observer who was following along every detail? Eventually he
would be called Jesus. "What did Jesus Christ do? [Joseph Smith asked] why I do
the same things that I saw my Father do when worlds come rolling into
existence. I saw the father do what? I saw the Father work out his kingdom with
fear and trembling and I am doing the same too." (Cannon p. 33)
"What did Jesus say? As the Father has power in Himself, even so the Son
has power in himself. To do what? Why, what the Father did. That answer is
obvious; even in a manner to lay
down his body and take it up again. Jesus, what are you going to do? ‘To Lay
down my life as my father laid down His body that I might take it up again." (Cannon p. 31) Was Joseph Smith telling us
here in simplicity, yet detail, about the FIRST
CREATIONS?
SUMMARY
Here then, is the FIRST
CREATION! This was the First Creation accomplished by God the Father to bring to pass His own immortality
and glory. With fear and trembling,
since there was no previous pattern to follow, he brought worlds into
existence. What worlds? Didn't he need a Spirit World, and then didn't he have to
clothe it with an
Un-mortal type of world, a Pre-mortal world, and then didn't
he finally have to bring to pass the fall to an earthly state of that world?
Did he do so by partaking of some chemical element? Was this a pattern to be
followed by all Adam's and Eve's forever after that? Or had he simplified the process? And by the
power in himself, his self -existing power, did he take up his body and resurrect
himself? By that process did he glorify
the world he had created so it became a celestial world? Did this become the Celestial Kingdom,
the residence of God, where Christ was born as the first Spirit Man? Wasn't Christ the first born of all creatures?
(Col. 1:15) and "the beginning of the creation of God?" (Rev 3:14; D&C 93)
Didn't this make Christ our Elder brother? (Roberts p. 16; Clark pp. 33-34) The one on which we
were all born as spirit beings? The
place where we were nurtured and prepared for earthly life? The place where
Lucifer lost everything through rebellion? And Mother, what about her? "All men and women
are in the similitude of the universal Father
and Mother, and are literally sons
and daughters of Deity." (Clark p. 244) Ancient documents confirm that anciently there
was a belief in a Mother in heaven.
To begin with was Christ an intimate observer in all of this?
He and the Father had learned and assimilated all of the laws of the Universe,
including the knowledge that horrific losses could be the result of the wrong
use of free agency. They learned that law was exorable, especially the laws
required for reinstatement, one being that there is no forgiveness without the
shedding of blood. (Roberts ATN p. 60, 63, 64, 78-79; 80-81; 86; 132; D&C
19:15-19; 38: 3-5; D&C 38:4-5; Heb.
9:22; 13:12) Christ had to go through an entirely different sequence
of events than the Father, a different objective had to be kept in mind, the
Atonement was understood from the beginning. His great plan had been put in
place. (Roberts ATN pp. 106-107; 108-109) Was it Christ himself who taught the Plan and the
Gospel to interested and waiting Intelligences? (JST John l:l) Whatever, Christ
made the commitment and events proceeded as scheduled. It is still on schedule.
THE PLAN
GOD IS THE
AUTHOR OF THE PLAN
"God is the Author of
the full plan." (Widtsoe p. 202,
Erickson 5 Oct 2004) "We observe that God is the only supreme governor and
independent being in whom all fullness and perfection dwell; who is omnipotent,
omnipresent, and omniscient; without beginning of days or end of life." (Dahl
p. 291) Great preparations for the plan had to take place. Did the entire
creational sequence have to be duplicated again? Did another being have to pass
through the same stages and the same steps as Father? Did the Mother in heaven finally achieve her
glorified position after the finalization of the creations of this first
creational activity? When her glory was
attained, was there another earthly world created that then became a celestial
world? Does this suggest the origin of
worlds such as those occupied by angels? (D&C 130) The world glorified by
God the Father permitted the sequence of events worked out in the plan that had
occupied his mind (Dahl p. 55), Christ had accepted the plan, and the role he
would play. "At the first organization in heaven we were all
present, and saw the Savior chosen and appointed and the plan of salvation made and we sanctioned it." (Dahl p. 482) Was the
first organization the one held with Intelligences present to accept the
initiation of the Plan? Or is it the First
Organization when THIS WORLD, the THIRD CREATION, was
planned? Didn't we have to know about
the plan and accept it in order to progress into the Spirit world?
When the Plan was
finalized, Christ had been chosen to affect the Atonement. Was there any other at that time that could have stepped forward? The episode involving
Lucifer was long after the spirit world had been peopled by spirits, and worlds
without number had been created, and only when another special assembly was held
in regard to the THIRD CREATION, this world, and in this
council was there then a chance to change the plan, already known to all, to be
re-presented to those waiting in the Spirit World, and to allow for what happened
at that time? (Abraham 2: 22-28) The offer of an alternate plan was rejected. The
plan for this world initiated from the beginning, proceeded on course, but here
on this world there would be great loss. "The contention in Heaven was -Jesus
said there would be certain souls that would not be saved; and the devil said
he would save them all, and laid his plans before the grand council, who gave
their vote [again?] in favor of Jesus Christ." (Dahl p. 188) On the early
worlds had they been so righteous that they were translated without any loses?
(Moses 7:31)
Did Christ personally take and teach the message of the Plan
to the Intelligences, some perhaps who were waiting for the message? (Smith JST
John l:l; Widtsoe RT, p. 27) Was this when most of us heard the Plan and some
accepted it, committing themselves to the long process of preparation? Once you were launched in the Plan could you
ever turn back if you didn't like it? Look at Lucifer's status. There is no turning back.
EARNING THE RIGHT TO BE BORN
IN THE SPIRIT WORLD
"In the Beginning the rising intelligences progressed by gaining
mastery of the surrounding forces. They learned through experience. At first
their progress was slow, but gradually increased. God was there to point out the way of progress and to give direct help when
needed. Meanwhile, the will of man was left undisturbed. Progress if any and
the rate of progress, must be and has ever been the result of the operation of
the untrammeled will" (Widtsoe p. 203)
"The time came no doubt as an earned step in progress, when through the intervention of the Lord;
personal intelligences became invested with spirit bodies. Man was born as it were into the spirit world. God became the Father of our spirits.
Life in the world of personal intelligences clothed upon with spirit bodies is
called the First Estate of Man. In that estate we were as sons and daughters of
God. The Fatherhood of God [and the Motherhood of Mother] is made a reality
under this doctrine." (Widtsoe p. 203) There we were nurtured and brought to maturity
to wait for what was promised: an earthly life, a mortal body. But, had any mortal
worlds for this phase of existence been created?
An account of the First
Creation does not appear in any of
the other stories of creation, not the accounts in Moses, Genesis, Abraham or
the TC. Those accounts mostly reflect
aspects of the SECOND OR THIRD
CREATIONS. The TC account is only of
the Third Creation, in particular, just this world.
THE SECOND CREATION
THE CREATION OF GOVERNING PLANETS AND FIRST EARTHLY WORLDS
Man was ready for the earthly existence, to be tried and
tested (Abraham 3:23-26) and his destiny finalized. But there were as yet no earthly
worlds. But Plans were in place for what was next. Great preparations had to be
made of tremendous complexity. Therefore this CREATION will be discussed in some detail...
Always keep in mind that "It is the job of the Theorists to
come up with models that match the observations, not the job of the observers
to bend their data to match the models." (Gribbin p. 211) "Science is about asking questions and finding
credible ways to answer them...[it is a] passion for new knowledge." (Omenn p. 1696) We are now entering into a
discussion that will involve the concept of the Big Bang. "We clearly need new laws of physics to
describe the behavior of matter in the vicinity of the Big Bang....Any theory of
matter under such extreme conditions must take account of quantum effects on a
cosmological scale. ...[We are] a long way from being able to construct a satisfactory theory to accomplish
this." (Coles pp. 119-120) Science
seeks "...to understand the creation of
matter and energy at the initiation of the universe, the dark matter that
pervades the cosmos, the dark energy that appears to be causing the expansion
of the universe to accelerate, additional dimensions beyond the four of
space-time." (Omenn p. 1697) But, first, here is what Joseph had to say:
"The Head One of the Gods called together the Gods and the
grand councilors set in grand council at the head in yonder heavens to bring
forth the world and contemplated the
Creation of the WORLDS that were created
at that time." (Cannon p. 39)
THE FIFTEEN GOVERNING POWERS
First there had
to be governing powers set up and systems by which all the planets contemplated of
an earthly and related order would be controlled and governed. "Olibish, Enish go on dosh, and Kaii ven
rash, are the three grand central powers that govern all the other
creations, [what are these and where are they?] which have been sought out by
the most aged of all the fathers, since the beginning of the creation, by means
of the Urim and Thummim: The names of
the other twelve of the fixed stars are: Kolob,
Limdi, Zip, Vusel, Venisti, Waine, Way oh-ox-an, Oansili, Kible, Shinefilis, flis, os." (Smith
p. 24) Joseph also translated
from the record of Abraham the names of all of these in Egyptian as well: "Oan isis, Flos isis, Flo ese: Abbesels, Ele ash,
Subble, Slundlo, Car roam, Crash ma Kraw, obbles isim, l Zins bah, missel, Nah
mesile Ohee oop Zah, Zool !" (Smith pp. 24-25) Armed with these names, they can be sought in
available Egyptian records. This is an important confirmation that the Prophet possessed Egyptian records, since these fifteen stars
and their names are not found in other documents, except the astronomical
records of Enoch. (Milik p. 21-22) Nothing more than what is given above is said
about the first three of the central governing powers that govern all other creations.
Kolob is, however, the great and main power.
KOLOB NEAREST TO WHERE GOD DWELLS
"Kolob signifies
the first creation nearer to the Celestial, or the residence of God, first in
government." (Smith p. 26) The residence
of God is "E Beth ka- The Celestial
Kingdom where God dwells." (Smith p. 29) "Kolob-
it signifies first beginning to the
bodies of this creation [mortal worlds, worlds with matter made up of the
familiar 92 elements] the first creation, also having been appointed
for the last time the last or the eldest."
(Smith p. 28) Does this mean that Kolob from the beginning had job security and
tenure for governing worlds of this order? None of these governing powers would have been
part of any concept of the Big Bang. They preceded the onset of cycles of Big
Bangs to create earthly worlds. The governing powers were created first, then
came the creations of worlds of our kind, or order. Always there is order.
"Flos isis- The highest degree of light, [Is this Celestial Light ?]
because its component parts are light. [It was certainly not any of the
eight types of photonic light we know about in the electromagnetic spectrum]. The
governing principle of light. Because God has said Let this be the centre for light, and let there be bounds that it may not pass. He has set a cloud about in the heavens, and
the light of the grand governing of
15 fixed stars centre there." (Smith
p. 25) Does this mean there is a central
governing cluster of "Stars" and they are the nearest to where god dwells? Are they called "Stars" because they emit
light of an extremely high order, but are not stars composed of hydrogen and
helium that process into the elements of this order through long process of
fusion? We know little about these governing stars, and nothing about their
real substance. Can we conclude that they are not Celestial nor are they
mortal? Are they unmortal entities?
BOUNDS SET FOR LIGHT
In the creational activities at this time the grand
governing or 15 fixed stars were "a center for light...and from there it is drawn by the heavenly bodies according
to their portions, according to the decrees that God has set as the bounds of the ocean, that it [the light]
should not pass over as a flood, so God has set the bounds of light lest it
pass over and consume the
planets." (Smith p. 25) So what light
is this? That light is not earthly light, nor does it seem to be Celestial. The earthly planets are explicitly
differentiated from the governing stars. Celestial light would destroy all
matter of this order so the earthly planets and their areas of habitation had
to be protected, and God so decreed. This is an interesting provision God made in
consideration of the fragile nature of earthly matter. Are these boundaries
among those Christ will inform us about when he comes? (D&C 121:30-31) There will be great expectations for that day
of revelation.
KOLOB THE GOVERNING POWER AND FIRST
CREATION
Kolob was made the
Governing Power. "Kli flosisis signifies
Kolob in its motion, which is
swifter than the rest of the twelve fixed stars, going before being first in motion, being delegated to
have power over others to regulate
others in their time." (Smith p. 25) A one day rotation of Kolob is a thousand
years on our world. "Kolob signifies the highest degree of power in
government, pertaining to heavenly bodies [of this order]." (Smith p. 30) Kolob "signifies the wonder of Abraham the eldest [or first] of all of the stars,
the greatest body of the heavenly bodies that ever was discovered by man."
(Smith p. 32) Kolob "signifies the first great grand governing fixed star which is the fartherest that
ever has been discovered by the fathers which was discovered by Methuselah and also by Abraham." (Smith p. 34) Evidently both of these great Patriarchs, as
well as others before them, discovered or learned about Kolob through the Urim
and Thummim. (Erickson Aug 2006) Such
knowledge surely reached back to Adam.
"Kolob signifies
the first creation nearer to the
Celestial, or the residence of God, first in government...[a day on Kolob] is
equal to a thousand years according to the measurement of this earth or
Jah-oh-eh." (Smith p. 26; Abr. 5:13) Joseph learned that "all the times of their
revolutions...and set times" would be revealed. It was a long time after the
Prophet Joseph enunciated these ideas before astronomers realized that
everything in the universe spins with diverse revolutions. (D&C
121:31)
"Kolob- it signifies first beginning to the bodies of
this creation, also having been appointed for the last time the last or the eldest." (Smith p. 28) "And the Lord said unto me: These are the
governing ones; and the name of the great
one is Kolob, because it is near unto me, for I am the Lord thy
God: I have set this one to govern all those which belong to the
same order [earthly matter] as that
upon which thou standest." (Abraham
3:3) Some recent writers have erroneously concluded that the Celestial World on
which God dwells orbits Kolob. (Draper p. 273-274) This would violate several scriptural
passages and much of what is in the Egyptian
Alphabet and Grammar as noted.
KOLOB GOVERNING POWER OVER ALL EARTHLY CREATIONS
After the governing powers were in place could the SECOND CREATION have then followed the
series of events that theorists are
calling the Big Bang? At this creation, all of the space allocated to the First Big Bang, or its equivalent, to
be occupied by earthly worlds would have been created by an initial, or the First Big Bang, with sequels or encores as needed. Ordinary earthly matter includes baryons, leptons, and hadrons,
which make up the 92 atoms as we know them. All matter, all of the energy of
the type exhibited in this order of
worlds, from which all subsequent creations of this order would be organized,
and the measure of time [speed of light] pertaining to this order of creation,
or earthly worlds, followed after the creation of Kolob and the governing bodies. Wasn't Kolob
... set to be the governing power of all creations of this order that appeared to have been created at that time and all such creations afterwards? (Cannon p. 43)
The thrust of activities was set in motion so the processing
of hydrogen by fusion by Nova Stars
that through their restricted size and instability would make suns like ours, and the variety of Super Novas that would fuse hydrogen under furious fusion process and
explosions into making clouds of heavy elements from which worlds like ours would be
organized. All of the other objects in space were merely incidental. Worlds have
been processed unceasing since then. "This ceaseless processing of the worlds
is an ancient teaching." (Nibley p. 15; Apocalypse of Abraham XVII, note 7;
Gen. Rab 78:1 in Nibley p. 15) But, as
noted below, the world on which we stand
was not organized at that time or even subsequent times. It was a
later creation after a long duration of time.
More than 10 to the 65th worlds were created
before this world was organized. (Moses 7:30) A special dispensation of
creation was initiated for this
world. Its function would be different, it would become the world on which the
atonement affecting all other worlds (McConkie pp, 65-66) would be
accomplished, and which would become the footstool and Chief Executive World
for Jesus Christ. All events describing the present [our] universe and its contents, are not included in this creational
activity, though the pattern may
have been established. This world is
patterned after the previous worlds, essentially after the Celestial World.
(TC) The one on which we first lived?
Weren't all life
forms prepared on the very first of
the earthly worlds, and from that first creation, of this order, all other worlds were seeded? While what happened may be described as the First Big Bang activity, there
were subsequent encores, with out
number before the Third Creation, which involved just this world. The duration of a full cycle of a Big Bang and its processes may
have taken l0 to the 100th years, though cycles could have been
going on at the same time in different regions of space. An outline of the SECOND CREATION and its Eras of time will be provided in what follows.
THE RESIDENCE OF GOD
As mentioned, the Celestial
Kingdom where God dwells,
is called E beth Ka. (Smith p. 29)
This is the residence of God, it is
also the residence of spirit beings
born there and nurtured and prepared for eventual mortal life. Isn't the CELESTIAL
KINGDOM
and therefore the SPIRIT WORLD for all Intelligences born into
that region and given a spirit body, as part of the family of God? The result
of this creational activity is summarized in the First Sentence in the Account
Given in Genesis: "In the beginning, when God created the Universe." (Genesis
l.l; Reyburn p. 26) "All the ancient
versions as well as many modern ones understand First verse to be an
independent sentence." (Reyburn p. 27)
Since this includes all the earthly worlds and the prior worlds, it must
refer to the combined efforts and results
and products of the FIRST CREATION, the SECOND CREATION, and THE THIRD CREATION. But the first earthly worlds for those born
into the spirit world on which they would have earthly life were created in the
SECOND CREATION. As noted above, the King Follett Discourse provides
insights into this Creation and the
Creation of worlds of this order, which
have the 92 elements that make up the earthly worlds of water, stone, flesh,
bone and blood. Man is made up of star dust. The earth is made up of heavy
element star dust. ( Altschuler Chap 5) Genesis
l:l not only asserts a beginning but also a non-ending process of Creation!
THE THEORY OF THE BIG BANG
In what follows the different aspects of the Theory are
outlined so that in early 2008, this presentation can be revised to include all
that will be found during 2007. Most of what follows will also apply, in certain
aspects, but not in every detail, to the THIRD
CREATION. In what way could any of it
apply to the FIRST CREATION? If at all? Only in the last few years could
this discussion have been made.
As this Theory is
being discussed, some of the current problems associated with various aspects
of its details will also be mentioned, they especially may be clarified during
2007. There is always great excitement
in the field of cosmology as problems are identified and equipment is being
designed that they hope will provide answers. A huge effort is in progress all
the time. Details of much of what follows will no doubt change greatly.
Since 1960 the Theory
of the Big Bang has provided insight into the creational activity that has led
to the innumerable worlds in the immensity of the larger Universe. The theory has been modified into a number of
explanatory models. The most recent appeared in 2006 in ASTRONOMY. A summary of
this model will provide a knowledge of the complexity, yet show the simplicity of
it all. The areas of knowledge that are still limited, or lacking, will be
noted. New equipment being built to pursue the answers to all of the questions will
also be mentioned. Time as we know
it in this encore of the Big Bangs is underscored by the work of Hawking and
Penrose. "Penrose and I, could prove that in the mathematical model of general
relativity time must have a
beginning in what is called the big bang." (Hawking p. 41) Prior to light coming on the scene there was
no time. Time is a function for the use
of man, it involves the speed and characteristics of light in this order. In the Grand Scheme of things,
it is a very limited concept.
The Grand Council was called or reconvened, and
included the "Grand Councilors", and a gathering of those who had persisted and
persevered in the spirit world so as to be called Gods. At this meeting, the
purpose was to make preparations for worlds
so that spirits, maturing and training in the spirit world, could advance and fulfill
the final stage of their long expectations and perseverance. As pointed out
above, the fifteen governing creations, with Kolob as the eldest of
these, were first created and put in
place to govern all the subsequent creations. (Cannon p. 39, Smith p. 24) Then followed
the sequence of events scientists loosely call the Big Bang. The Cosmic
Epochs or events that followed are
part of what is called the Standard Model. There are many cosmological
riddles as yet unanswered and probably will remain so for many years. The next
generation telescopes and detectors will allow astronomers to look back farther
and farther to probe for answers to the on-going questions. The future is
bright indeed. THE GLORY AREA FOR NON-MORTAL CREATIONS
In the geography of the Universe there is the little known Creational Area near Kolob. Brigham
Young called it an area of "glory." Can we assume this is where the un-mortal
or non-mortal worlds are created upon which all of the Adams
and Eves [which are many] are born? (Abraham l:3) In describing the creation of
THIS WORLD, or THE THIRD CREATION, does what is said about the GLORY PLACE, also apply
to all worlds? "When the earth [or any
earth as far as that goes] was framed and brought into existence and man was
placed upon it, it was near the throne of our Father [in the vicinity of Kolob]
in heaven. And when man fell...[any Adam and Eve on any earth] the earth fell
into space, and took up its abode in this planetary system, and the sun became
our light...This is the glory the
earth came from, and when it is glorified [Celestialized] IT WILL RETURN AGAIN
UNTO THE PRESENCE OF THE FATHER." (Brigham Young, in Journal of Discourses, 17:143) Not much else is known about this place.
THE ERAS
Cosmologist separate the Big Bang into specific events, or ERAS, each being studied by specialists
with meetings held each year to update each other. At the end of 2006 this is
the outline which was given for the ERAS:
THE QUANTUM UNCERTAINITY OR PLANCK ERA
The theorists describe the Beginning for any encore of the Big Bang, as a Quantum Uncertainty,
they call it the PLANCK ERA. . "No current theory of physics
can describe what happened in the universe during this time...there was a
singularity at the start of time." (Francis p. 46) It is called the Big Bang. It is
uncertain as to exactly what the origin and nature of the finite original Plasma of Energy that contained
all of the energy and ultimately all the matter now extant in the known
universe was really like. In the portion of the universe we occupy, which was a
later encore of the First creational activities, they
compute there is less than 10 to the 25th stars. Did each encore from the beginning have a
similar Cosmic history and content? To
get the Enoch Numbers expressed above, there would have had to have been more
than 10 to the 32nd additional
encores, or Big Bangs. Even this would not account for the creations the Lord described
as "a beginning."( Moses 7:30. These encores would not be over lapping, but
occupy their own space, and have their own histories. All space is occupied by
kingdoms. (D&C 88: 37) Thus
boundaries would be set for each Big Bang or encore.
GRAND UNIFIED THEORY ERA
According, at first, in the Standard Model, which is what the cosmologists call the structure of ideas
into which they fit their observations and define the areas of weakness, was
the GRAND UNIFIED THEORY ERA, "during this era, matter and
energy ....[and] the three fundamental forces of nature were still unified."
(Francis p. 46) The as yet un-named Plasma-energy-bundle was extremely hot,
one billion degrees Kelvin, and until it expanded and cooled down sufficiently
none of the major forces of matter, such as gravity, matter itself and especially the building blocks of the proton,
the "up" and "down" quarks, could not decouple or separate away to form the protons;
the basic building block of all matter. The "up" quarks are only 9 times as
massive as the electron; the "down" quark is about 39 times the mass of the
electron. These two elementary particles do not add up to much mass. For thirty
years through collider and accelerator equipment they have been looking to
identify the rest of the mass of the Proton, blasting the proton apart to find
out what else is inside of it. Some 27 sub-atomic particles have been
identified and still counting.
Earth will never
receive visible light from the first three Eras
before the first stars ignited because there was no light. Cosmologist are
seeking to reconstruct what happened before and during that time using the Cosmic
Microwave Background detectors (CMBR), which reveals tiny fluctuations in the
density of the Plasma at that time. (Francis p. 50)
THE INFLATION ERA
The Second most important observation in 2006 was the
glimpse of cosmic inflation provided by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
Probe (WMAP). It was launched in
2001, details of its search became available in 2003, and the team working on
the Probe nailed down the time when atoms
first formed, less than 380,000
years after the Big Bang, and helped
[make a provisional estimate] of the age for the universe: (13.7 billion years),
and the universe's contents, (mysterious dark
energy accounts for 74 %; dark matter, 22 %, and all ordinary
matter is only 4 percent). ...estimating the first stars began shining some 400
million years after the Big Bang." (Astronomy, p. 40, January 07) New
discoveries, as noted below, keep modifying some of these conclusions. Because
of the early density of the early universe some stars may have ignited only one
million years from the beginning.
The main INFLATION
ERA was very early. This highly
debated and contested point in time, the INFLATION ERA, occurred at about a
hundred billionth of a yocosecond, or 10 to the minus 35 seconds. All physical theory breaks down at this point
according to Hawking. All is conjecture
for the first three Era's. They estimate the temperature to be 10 to the 27th Kelvins (l,800 trillion
trillion degrees F. (1000 trillion trillion degrees centigrade.) The diameter would
be 3 x 10 to the minus 27th feet, or 10 to the minus 28th meters. (Francis p. 46) But was it really that tiny? A lot of debate is
going about each of these ERAS and proposed details. It may take years before new equipment permits
definitive conclusions. As new discoveries are fit into the Standard Model, old
data is eliminated, and new physics and mathematics are brought to bear.
"Part of the universe expanded from billions of times
smaller than a proton to something between the size of a marble and a football
field." (Francis p. 46) This part of the Big Bang theory is hard to
swallow as it requires for a period of time a super luminous expansion. While
the theory works, it violates other aspects of physical law; the reconciliation
is still being worked out. The assumption that the Big Bang started with the Plasma in extremely confined space
creates the problem, but assuming it occupied larger space also creates
problems. Thinkers consume a lot of time trying to work out these conundrums.
THE QUARK ERA
At about a hundred millionth of a yoctosecond, (l0 to the
minus 32 seconds) with not much change in temperature from the Inflation Era,
but with an increase in volume to 33 ft, or 10 meters, the QUARK ERA commenced. The
changing Plasma would pass through three more phases in this ERA until the volume would become 10 to
the 12th meters (620 million
miles or one billion km), and the temperature would be 10 to the 15th
Kelvins, (l,800 trillion degrees F., or l,000 trilling degrees C.) But so far
only one nanosecond, or 10 to the minus 8 seconds would have elapsed! The Quark Era is "Sometimes called the ELECTROWEAK
ERA, in this period vast number of
quark and antiquark pairs formed from energy and then annihilated back to
energy. Gluons and other more exotic particles also appeared." (Francis p. 36)
It was still not cool enough for them to decouple, stabilize and form protons.
"Particles-antiparticle pairs, including quarks-antiquarks, were
still constantly forming and returning to energy. For each type of particle the
temperature would eventually drop to the point where the particle ‘froze out'—they
could no longer form from the background pool of energy. Most free particles
and antiparticles of each type were rapidly annihilated, leaving a small
residue of particles. As quarks and antiquarks froze out at the end of the Quark
Era, instead of being annihilated, some began grouping to form heavier
particles, [in particular the proton]." (Francis p. 47) It takes two ‘up' quarks and one ‘down' quark
to make a proton, and one ‘up' quark and two ‘down' quarks to make a
neutron. This is basic for the
construction of a proton and neutron.
Physicists at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in
Batavia, Ill. announced November 25th 2006, in Science News Vol.
170, p. 350, that exotic particles had been identified they called Sigma-b baryons,
also called bottom quarks; one of six types of quarks that are fundamental
constituents of matter. Sigma-b weighs
about six times as much as protons, and may indicate heftier baryons yet to be
found. The discovery was made in their lab in October in the debris produced by
more than 100 trillion collisions of protons and antiprotons that had occurred
in the accelerator in the past 5 years. The appearance during the cooling of
the Plasma may have been short lived with the lesser relatives of the quark
family taking over. Until the Plasma
cooled to permit quarks to form there was no stable matter. (Cadogan pp.
170-171) "The very fabric of space-time
continually undergoes violent fluctuations." (Cadogan p.172) It started that way, but it will end in a
whimper.
SEPARATION OF THE
ELECTROWEAK FORCES
In the next microsecond (l0 to the minus 6 seconds) the Quark Era ends. "Near the end of the Quark Era, the electroweak force
separated into the electromagnetic force and the weak interactions. From then
on, the forces of nature and physical laws in the universe were as they are now experienced." (Francis p. 47) Gravity decoupled, and particles could form.
The diameter of space occupied was now 10 to the 13th meters (620
million miles or l billion km) and the temperature dropped to 10 to the 15th
Kelvins, (l,800 trillion degree F., or l,000 trillion degrees C.). Francis p.
47) Quarks were becoming bound into heavier particles by gluons. Gluons, like other sub-atomic particles, help
make up the mass of the Proton, but also play a significant role in the strong nuclear forces in the Protons and
neutrons that hold them together, when separated by fusion or fission, you have
the hydrogen or uranium bombs because so much energy is released.
THE HADRON ERA
It was not until 1909 that Rutherford
discovered the proton, essentially he "had
discovered the atomic ‘nucleus.'" (Chown pp. 30-32) The British astronomer, Fred Hoyle, was to
discover how fusion in the fiery furnaces of stars created the heavy elements, as
a result of an outrageous prediction he made in 1952. (Chown pp. 174-180) So we have only been in the ‘know' about such things for
about a half century.
"Around the beginning of this Era, quarks and antiquarks began combining to form particles called
hadrons, this is common matter. These include baryons (protons
and neutrons) and antibaryons and mesons."
(Francis p. 47) The diameter was expanding from 60 billion miles to 600
billion miles and the temperature was decreasing from 10 to the 13th
Kelvins to 10 to the 12th Kelvins. The time consumed was from one
microsecond to one millisecond.
"After one microsecond, the universe had cooled enough for quarks
and antiquarks to combine in twos and threes to form heavier particles in a
process called quark confinement, "up" and "down" quarks combined with gluons
to make protons and neutrons." (Francis p. 47)
Each proton has two "up" quarks each
with a plus 2/3rd charge, and
one "down" quark with a minus l/3rd charge, giving a proton a plus l charge. A neutron has two ‘down
quarks' each with a minus l/3rd charge, and one "up" quark with a
plus 2/3 charge, thus canceling the charge so the neutron is a no charge particle.
For all atoms larger then Hydrogen neutrons are needed for
stability and chemical behavior. Elements
of the same proton number but with a different number of neutrons are called
isotopes. All elements have isotopes. "Electrons and Protons make up the
Baryons of the universe. The baryon number per photon is... about one part in
l,000 million...About 87 % of the nuclear particles in the present universe are
protons, so the number of electrons is close to the total number of nuclear
particles." (Weinberg p. 97)
If you are following closely, God has built into all
creations a great simplicity. Whatever you total up, there is sufficient matter
to only account for 10 to the 25th stars in our encore, and most
likely that was the figure each of all previous encores or ‘Big Bangs.' Whereas the Enoch number requires 10 to the 40th
times more than this amount just for
our local encore or universe alone. Does this reflect the total actual amount
in each encore as well? That is why the present Big Bang is only an encore in a
much larger history that has already become history.
THE LEPTON ERA
"During this era, leptons (electrons, neutrinos, and their
antiparticles) were very numerous. By its end, the electrons annihilated with
positrons (anti-electrons)." (Francis p. 47)
The Diameter was now increasing from 600 billion miles to l0 light years
(l light-year is 5.88 trillion miles).
The temperature was declining from l0 to the12th Kelvins to 10 to the 10th
Kelvins leading to the NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
ERA that followed.
"It was April 29, 1949. The Berkely Synchrotron had been
turned up...with a throw of the switch, a powerful beam of electrons ...plunged
through a platinum plate and exited as a flurry of X-rays, penetrating deeply
into a block of carbon. There, as X-rays looped past millions of carbon nuclei
each X-ray photon vanished and spawned a single pair of particles. Photographs
recorded this hailstorm of new matter born from the seed of light. Over 20
million particles each hour flashed into existence out of the cloak of
nothingness." (Odenwald p. 223) Like the
baby born in a manger, a serious threshold had been crossed. Then, on
"September 21, 1955, the first proton-antiproton pairs tumbled into existence at
Berkely's new Bevatron machine. In time, physicist learned how to separate the
fleeting pairs of particles to create a new form of matter." (Odenwald p. 223)
They found out when you "collide two heavy nuclei together,
the protons of the new nucleus formed this way create an electric field around
them so intense the Void [seemingly
empty space] becomes unstable as a rain cloud. Jack Greenberg at Yale and
Walter Greiner at Johann
Wolfgang Goethe
University did this in
1982 with uranium atoms. For just a few moments, the Void released a few droplets of quantum rain...a veritable cloudburst
of particles." (Odenwald p. 227) With new equipment now being built the mystery
of matter and the universe will be further elucidated. The effort is to find
out how God did it and does it.
THE NUCLEOSYNTHESIS ERA
Some "Neutrons gradually converted into protons as the
universe cooled, but when there was about one neutron for every seven protons,
most remaining neutrons combined with protons to make helium nuclei, each with
two protons and two neutrons." (Francis p. 47) Now there were atoms. There were
two intervening steps involving heavy hydrogen, first deuterium with two
neutrons, and then tritium with three neutrons, these are heavy hydrogen, in
the fusion process energy was released. Most of the hydrogen in the Universe
was created at this time and the subsequent Eras. Except for the decay of
neutrons to protons, few processes are going on at this time that creates
hydrogen. In our present universe the total Hydrogen is being reduced as it
fuses into Helium and heavier elements. It was not until there were sufficient
quantities of heavy elements fused by cycles of Supernova explosions, and at
least seven generations were required to get cloud of sufficient heavy elements,
which, when desired, could they then be organized into our earth . (Arnett pp.
501-515) The Supernova la stars are the main source of the
heavy elements. Very large supernova up to 150 times the mass of our sun
results frequently in black holes that play an important role in the mass and
balance of a galaxy. Most galaxies have a black hole; a law [the 2 % law] has
been found that governs the mass of the galaxy and the mass of its black hole.
There is a monster in the center of our galaxy. (Melia pp. 143-146) Black holes formed early, they are abundant
and of all sizes.
"The first quasars are known to have a central black holes
[in the early Big Bang] that are larger
than a billion solar masses within a region the size of a solar system. Because
assembling such a massive black hole should take billions of years astronomers
have had difficulty explaining the presence of quasars in the early
(billion-year-old) [cores of galaxies in the] universe. Volonteri and Rees have modeled the growth of
the first supermassive black holes including the competing effects of gas
accretion and the dynamics of black holes mergers in their calculations. ...The
authors thus frame a Darwinian natural selection scenario for black hole growth
in the very young universe." This results from and in the "highest density
regions where gas accretion was optimal." (Astrophysics Journal 650, 669; 2006; Science vol. 314, 17 November 2006) This
could mean that civilizations may have turned on at the rate of 5 billion per galaxy one billion years into
the Big Bang cycle. The Enoch Numbers suggest something like this occurred.
Every earth inhabited by spirit beings with an earthly body
is scheduled to become a Celestial
Kingdom. This world on
which God told Moses "that among all the workmanship of mine hands there has
not been so great wickedness as among the brethren, (Moses 76:36) obeys a
Celestial Law and will be glorified. (D&C 88:25) A full cycle of creation, or an encore, finite
as it is, will still take 10 to the 100th years to complete. All
earths will depart to the Celestial geography when their cycle is complete.
THE DECLINE OF THE UNIVERSE OR AN ENCORE
By 10 to the 23rd years most of the galaxies will
have lost their stars through evaporations. By the time 10 to the 45th
years have passed, protons in the universe will have decayed, only evaporating
black holes will remain and by 10 to the 100th years all of the black holes will have
disappeared, and all matter will be reduced to a few distended photons and
stray particles. At this point the full size of the current universe or encore
will have been reached. Elsewhere other Big Bangs will have been going through
a similar history. They will not encroach on each other, their boundaries
having been set. (D&C 121:32) Black holes lose energy through spin, gravity
waves, magnetic waves, etc.
THE OPAQUE ERA-OR DARK AGES
"During this relatively lengthy era, the ocean of matter
particles (comprising mainly electrons, protons, and helium nuclei) were in a
continual state of interaction with photons (radiant energy), making the
universe "foggy". (Francis page 47) The
Diameter of the universe would have increased to more than 10,000 light years,
about 10 per cent of the diameter of our visible galaxy. The temperature would
have been cooling toward 3,000 degrees Kelvin.
"For the first nearly 250,000 years [down from 380,000] as
the universe continued to expand and cool, it remained too hot and energetic
for atoms to form, so electrons momentarily met with protons or helium nuclei,
then were quickly split apart by photons, which where themselves trapped in a
process of continued collision with the free electrons. This constant
scattering meant that the photons could travel hardly any distance in a
straight line. "If an observer could have seen it at that time, the universe
would have resembled a dense fog." (Francis p. 47) Some call this period the "Dark Ages."
"The Cosmic Dark Ages ended once the universe's neutral
hydrogen was completely reionized, [by taking on an electron neutralizing their
charge], by the first stars and
galaxies. The Luminous period that followed holds almost as many questions as
the Dark Ages. ..the Dark Ages ended and the stars ignited [with all the
varieties of light]...with the formation of the first galaxies dust absorbed
starlight and re-emitted infrared radiation. ..light from this process created
a ‘cosmic infrared background' (CMB) ...the infrared radiation traces early
protogalaxies...[showing] how the universe's structure evolved. Scheduled for a 2013 launch, the James Webb
Space Telescope-Hubble's' infrared successor-will look back to early galaxy
formation." (Kruesi p. 16)
"Each cosmic Epoch [Era] blends into the next because direct
cutoffs are difficult to observe...next generation telescopes and detectors will
allow astronomers to look back ...to probe the main question: How did structures
form." (Nadis pp. 16-17)
BALANCE OF ELEMENTS:
"At the end of the Opaque Era, many more free protons
existed than helium nuclei, or other atomic nuclei. The scene was set for the
first atoms to form, when they did about nine hydrogen atoms were made for each
helium atom. A few lithium and deuterium (heavy hydrogen atoms) atoms also
formed" (Francis p. 47) About 90 % of the matter in the [excluding dark matter
which we don't know what it is] universe was hydrogen and slightly less than 10
% was helium. The diameter was expanding
to 100 million light years, and the temperature had cooled to 3,000 degrees
Kelvin. Some 250,000 years had passed. Protons and atomic nuclei began to capture
electrons, forming the first atoms. Electrons were now bound up in
atoms, so they no longer scattered photons. Matter and radiation then become "decoupled,"
and the photons were released to travel through the universe as radiation.
Thus, the First Light. Light as we know it in the universe is white light, only one
of the more than eight types of photons in the Electromagnetic light spectrum. Newton only passed white
light, or photons, from 4000 to 7000 angstroms, through his prism. We do not see the other light photons with
the naked eyes. Within the last few decades detectors for all of the varieties
of light have been devised, so we can detect and "see" what is going on in the
universe. However, none of the photons of light is "Celestial light." There is no Celestial matter nor Celestial light
in our present universe except as it serves the purposes of divine beings.
"More than 90 percent of the entire mass within the visible universe [over the
entire electromagnetic spectrum] is made of material visible to telescopes and
detecting instruments, [the rest is dark matter or energy] The gravitational
pull of this "dark matter" therefore determines the motion of stars in
galaxies, of galaxies in clusters of galaxies, and indeed of the universe
itself." (Krauss p. xxii) Recent work
now has identified "dark matter" localities in and around galaxies, and Exotic
Dark Mater Candidates are being identified. (Krauss p. 236)
With the advent of light, time began. In this present
universe we measure time by the speed of light. Hawking calls what was there before
light appeared as No-time. But "What then is time? If no one
asks me, I know what it is. If I wish to explain what it is to him who asks me,
I do not know." So said St. Augustine
in the fifth century. (Harrison p. 138) Physical activities, such as the spin of the
earth, the moon around the earth, the earth around the sun, the sun around the
galaxy, can all be reversed, and nothing much would change, but break an egg,
or change the arrow of time in regard to organic material, and things are
irreversible. Time will have a stop. (D&C 84:100; 88:110; 132:7) Time is
linear for some things in this universe; you cannot go back and start over.
Lucifer found this out.
THE MATTER OR ATOM ERA:
"At the start of our present era, photons were free to
travel through the universe. Most electrons were bound to atoms until the first
stars formed, reheating matter." (Francis p. 47) Our present instruments have
brought us thus far, the new instruments will take us farther. During this year
the first galaxies observed, are distorted and deformed they show up on the
Hubble Ultra Deep Field photos. The early galaxies found by the Hubble Deep
Field were in place at least one billion years after the Opaque Era. The Hubble Ultra Deep Field identified galaxies at about 800
million light years or so in age. The gap here will be investigated by new
equipment to be launched within five years. From 250,000 years to 600 million
years the Dark Ages ended, says Lick Observatory's Richard Ellis. The First
Stars appeared, then clustering of Stars resulted in the First Galaxies, and
from there to the First Super clusters and so on to the present, all of this emerging
from the work of Andrew Bunker, University
of Exeter using the W.M.
Keck telescopes. But did it take up to 15 [?] billion years before sufficient
cycles of nova and Supernova la stars had blasted away to form sufficient heavy
elements from which earths could form in each encore. Did the density of the
early stages permit acceleration in heavy element generation? Civilizations could
have turned on in the early portion of each encore because of high density. In
the First Big Bang, the first worlds to be inhabited may have turned on within one
billion years of the fiery beginning, after the Council decreed such creations should
begin. But of course, perhaps the Council could speed things up!
To get the same
coverage and exposure of galaxies and Comic objects, throughout the present encore, or our universe, as that revealed on
the first Hubble photos, it would
take about one million years of constant imaging of the heavens to accomplish.
(Astronomy, April 2005 p. 60)
It was about 1999 that "an age for the Universe of 13.4 plus
or minus l.6 billion years." (Gribbin BT, p. 224) was stipulated, to be
modified as the next six years of work continued to make discoveries. By 2006
it varies from 14 to 16 Billion years. (Coles pp. 84-86) and they are still working on it. Hints
are now that it may be 17.6 Billion years.
Close to home great events are observable. The closest nebula to the earth is the Orion
Nebula less than 13,000 light years away. (Francis p. 229) There, "in an imaginary cube with sides three
light years long would contain thousands of stars, each one, on average, less
than a third of a light year from its nearest neighbor." (Gribbin p. 196) Most of these stars are very young, not even
a million years old. Orion is a birthing area for new stars like our sun. These
are in the right position in the ring around the galaxy of the habitable zone,
so many of them could become suns for future worlds. There are more than 150
such birthing areas in the Galaxy. Not far from the Orion birthing area is the
Horse Head nebula, it is opaque matter, it is the birthing areas of giant stars
and heavy elements, the birthing area for earths. On "earth microbes less than about half a
millionth of a meter in diameter...is also just the size of the particles of dust
that have been detected in interstellar clouds." (Gribbin p. 6) One recently
discovered hydrogen cloud is large enough in mass that when it collapses to
form stars it could form up to fifty galaxies the size of our own. Our Own Galaxy is part of a Local Cluster of
46 galaxies and counting, seven were added to the count by Cambridge University
Astronomers during 2006. It is, however, only a small cluster, the Virgo
Cluster 55 million lights years away has more than 4,000 galaxies the size of
ours and 40,000 others of various smaller sizes. That's a Cluster as Dundee would say.
(Astronomy Nov. 25, Vol. 170, 2006)
These discoveries were listed as the 4th most important for
2006.
Current intense work is in progress to define the mysterious
cosmic push that's tearing apart the universe by revving up about 5 billion
years ago and became active some 9 billion years ago which will prohibit "gravity's
tendency to pull things together."
(Science News November 18, Vol. 170, 2006) These observations established the universe
as Flat. Gravity can never pull matter back to start it all over.
Recently they have recognized Massive Compact Halo Objects (MACHOS) because of their gravitational
effects, but the recognition of dark matter and dark energy without knowing
when they appeared on the scene or really what they are, has led to a torment
of failure to be able to explain these two fundamental elements. The search for these two elements is the
fundamental task facing astrophysicist today. (Hooper 2006) Hopper outlines the difficult notion of dark
energy, a phenomenon that could explain the expanding universe and determine
its fate.
AREAS BEING STUDIED
As tedious as the foregoing has been, presented in order to
get a picture of the Big Bang, before discussing the THIRD CREATION, lets
look at a little more of the areas being investigated in the Standard Model of the Big Bang Theory. By 1960 the basics of the Theory were
outlined. Much of it still does not have the dignity of being factual. New progress
is reported each week, books quickly become out of date. For the next two
decades there will be one or more new discoveries and changes in the theory
each week. But it is evident they are not getting very close to what the Great
Joseph knew, or what is found in Mormon scriptures.
"The effort to understand the universe is one of the very
few things that lifts human life a little above the level of farce, and gives
it some of the grade of tragedy." (Weinberg p. 155) The Gospel gives absolute truths and life
eternal dignity.
EXPANSION OR INFLATION:
Once the fifteen governing bodies were in place, the order
was given by the Council of the Gods for the creation of earthly type matter to
commence. The bundle of energy or the Plasma then expanded rapidly. In this
earliest period of extremely rapid growth, the observable universe expanded by
a factor of 10 to the 30th or more, in 10 to the minus 33rd
seconds. (Nadis p. 36) "For all its successes, however, inflationary cosmology
remains a theory. Because it deals with such small distances, early cosmic
times, and high energies, it lies beyond the reach of laboratory study." (Frank
p. l1; Codogan pp. 7-10) By 1921 the great Hubble knew there were galaxies
beyond our own, and that the universe was expanding. Even though Kant the
German Philosopher and astronomer had suggested this as early as 1755, confirmation
awaited the seminal work of Hubble in 1929. The scientific community then took notice.
One particular person was greatly interested so much so that in 1931 Einstein
visited Hubble and pronounced his acceptance. With more data in a 1931 paper,
most skeptics were brought to bay. (Goldsmith p. 37-38) The picture of our
universe has been growing in detail since then, but Joseph outlined it very
neatly in his revelations less than 100 years earlier.
DECOUPLING:
Temperature was the big factor. As the universe expanded and
cooled, matter and radiation
unmixed, or decoupled, about 250-380,000 years after the Big Bang. Gravity was the first force to decouple after
which it began to play its role. Quantum Physics began to contribute as sub atomic
particles formed. Until there were "up" and "down" quarks, the basic building
blocks of protons and neutrons, there was no matter then as we now know
it. Once the quarks cooled and could
associate in matter, most of the protons in the universe were created along
helium. Somewhere in this unmixing and cooling, the 22 % of the universe that
is considered to be Dark Matter emerges, mainly detected by
gravitational effects. (Nadis p. 17) Add
an electron to the proton and the atom we now call hydrogen was formed.
Radiation assaulted the hydrogen atoms, packets of energy moved the electrons
into alternate orbits, and this was not a comfort zone, so they throw off the
excess energy and drop back to their comfort zone thus releasing photons. The
eight varieties of light all are expressed by their frequency or oscillation that
determines the type and energy of photons they generate.
Photons were free to travel unimpeded through space for the
rest of cosmic history. Filling every sector of the space into which matter was
expanding, and in every direction, the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation
created a pattern now discernable by special equipment (WCMP). With the nuclear
forces inside the protons and the processing of neutrons by decaying protons,
fusion could and did occur, heavy elements were being generated, gravity acted
in a more energetic manner than now because so much mass was in close
proximity. The original density was immense, as the expansion continued, the
density decreased. The universe is
becoming less dense all the time. But by the end of the 1970's many urgent problems with the
model loomed.
CAUSALTY PROBLEMS:
By using the CMB they could measure the properties of the
early universe in different regions. They could extract the temperature of the
cosmic plasma with great precision. But
to their astonishment the temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) remained
the same to one part in 10,000. Hadn't everything started as a chaotic,
expanding plasma? Certainly some
part of the plasma would have ended up with slightly different conditions, but
no matter which direction they looked it remained the same. (Frank p. 7, COSMOS)
"Points on opposite sides of the sky were too far apart when the CMB
photons were created says" Sean Carroll, an astrophysicist at the University of Chicago. A light signal could not bridge
their separation in the time between the Big Bang and the moment of decoupling.
This became the root of the cause-and-effect dilemma, still unresolved. If light didn't have time to make it from one
region to the other then the different regions couldn't know about each other.
A rational cosmology demands this be resolved. Or there is a lot of the
universe we will never see.
FLATNESS PROBLEM
Physicists and Cosmologists from Einstein to the present
argued about whether the universe was curved, saddle shaped or flat. Recent
observations confirm the universe is flat, a condition that means parallel lines
will never converge. The measure of
the universe's density is the Omega value, if Omega equals l, the universe if
flat. The shape of the universe is linked to the universe's energy content.
Astrophysicists want a theory that naturally leads to Omega equaling l. The
evidence is compelling that the Universe is flat, essentially meaning it will not be recycled by the pull of gravity
and starts all over again. Rather in a time of about 10 to the 100th years the universe will be reduced to a few
energy packets and stray photons. It will have run its course. Thus, the time
cycle of a Big Bang is about 10 to the 100th years.
Encores would probably have a similar time limit. To create other
worlds, an encore of parallel events would be required. Our universe is flat
and has a finite history. But it simply
does not account for very much of the total creations expressed by the Enoch
numbers. So encores of Big Bangs have
been happening at an astonishing rate in space without ever overlapping. The Mormon
concept of the geography of the Universe clearly permits this. Cosmologists
haven't gotten their minds around this yet. Mormons are going to enjoy this
unique status for a long time.
MAGNETIC MONOPOLE PROBLEM:
Particles are negative and others are positive. The proton
is positive, the electron is negative. These separate polarities are called
electric monopoles. Every magnetic field comes with both north and south poles,
even the earth. In the struggle to
refine the Standard Model, the nature of matter demands that magnetic monopoles
must have been created during the original quantum
uncertainty, certainly when the
decoupling took place. If so, where have all the magnetic monopoles gone? Or how do you modify the theory? By the development of Inflationary Cosmology,
(Frank p. 9, Cosmos) Alan Guth, a
physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in 1981 championed this
approach, using tools fashioned out of Grand Unification Theories, (GUTS) but
in the process it developed its own problems. So is there more to the cosmos
than we can see? What about the rest of it? The Enoch numbers tell us there is
a lot more cosmos out there than anyone has imagined.
INFLATION ERA THEORIES
All inflation theories, and there are many, grab a speck of
space and blow it up to a factor of about 10 to the 50th says Mario
Livo. What you get is multiverse concepts. Where will that go? Pervasive
efforts are in progress to explain the universe. How did God do it? That is
what science is all about. The decay of the energy of a ‘false vacuum' energy
field, by nature unstable, into a real vacuum, for a extremely limited time,
created the energy necessary for the Inflationary concepts to be processed,
thus building on the framework of particle physics and GUTS, bringing cosmology
and physics into a coherent whole, though not without problems. But, did
something like this really happen? Something did happen, we can't describe it clearly
yet. The very meaning of cosmos and cosmology and particle physics is being
stretched. For all its success, the Big Bang and its attendant Theories remain
just that, theories. A theory does not have the dignity of being a fact. "Cosmic inflation plugged gaping holes in the
Big Bang theory-and turned our universe into one of many." (Frank 6-10)
In a non-inflationary universe, "then the empty universe
would be somewhat more than 20 billion years old." (Morris p. 86) But with an
"inflationary expansion would be about 15 billion years." Morris p. 86) "The GUTS...predict that the proton...will eventually
undergo decay into...energy at some point/" (Morris p. 87) This point defines the end of an encore or
cycle of a Big Bang. It is 10 to the 100th years.
FIRST STARS
The first stars "were massive, they lived fast and died
young." (Jayawardhana p. 19) The period of time, however short or long, between
the time the Plasma began to expand and cool, but before the first luminous
sources turned on, is called the Dark
Ages. All ordinary matter beginning
with hydrogen has convenient observational signatures. Neutral Hydrogen's 21
centimeter line is about all they have for these early phases. Ger de Bruyn of ASTRON, Netherlands
Foundation for Research in Astronomy, is looking for events of the first
luminous moments in the Universe. A whole new field has been born, says
MIT's Migue Morales, with the
Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) to begin its search in 2007. In the Netherlands:
the Primeval Structure Telescope (PAST), and in China new equipment, and the Mileura Widefield Array (MWA) in Australia
which began preliminary work in 2005, are all straining for facts. They
are looking for events in the first 200 Million years after the Big Bang. Present
equipment gives information on Quasars, one billion years after the Bang, now
they want to construct events much earlier.
The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) provided the results of work
announced in 2003 that there was a period 100 million to 400 million years
after the Bang when re-ionization took place and matter as we know it was
established. Until then there could be
no stars, and little or no light as we know it.
The Sloan Survey, seeking to map the entire sky, suggests that less than
10 per cent of the universes' hydrogen was still neutral 900 million years after
the Bang, according to Harvard's Abraham Loeb and University Melbourne's Stuart
Wythe. (Nadis p. 13)
The astronomer will be seeking to find and detect hydrogen
clumps in the nascent universe only 2300 light years across, a resolution
roughly 1000 times better than the maps of the WMAP results. Gravity comes into
play along lines presented in the 1924 Einstein principles of clotting, and
compacting. Primitive neutral hydrogen is heated above the CMB temperature by
the first stars, but before re-ionization, the gas will emit detectable 21 cm
radiation, to fine tune the Standard Model. The ultimate goal is "d-D
tomography" using the 21 cm radiation. With
the First Stars there soon followed the First
Galaxies. It will not be until 2020
that the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) will be operational. It will have
10 times the collecting area of LOFAR
mentioned above. It will collect data on structure, formation, inflation, dark
matters, dark energy, and other cosmic riddles. "The European Southern Observatory (ESO) has
set its sights on building the largest telescope in history, a 42-meter
behemoth named the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) ...The [nearly l Billion dollar} instrument could be
ready in 2017. ...U.S. astronomers re embarking on a
smaller Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), due to be completed in 2016."(Schilling
p. 1671) So our picture of the Cosmos will change. How close will this come to
Joseph's visions? The Gods set the pattern and it is followed throughout the
entire universe. The planned 2008 revision of the Big Bang aspects of this SECOND CREATION will involve most of what was discussed above.
Now we will discuss the THIRD
CREATION, the creation that involved
just our earth. Was it a special creation filled with divine
purposes and extremely important consequences?
The main event in this creation was the accomplishment of the
ATONEMENT. B.H. Roberts' book: The Atonement is by far the best treatment of the subject. (Roberts
Aton.) As noted above, you cannot reconcile the
following account of the THIRD CREATION with those given in Genesis,
Moses, and Abraham, but you can correlate it with the TC account. You would
have to make the suggested verse
changes in Genesis and then realize the THIRD
CREATION has a different sequence of
events for the first three days.
THE THIRD CREATION:
The THIRD CREATION is the one in which we now live.
The product of this Creation is this particular World in this unique encore of the Big Bangs that have been going
on for an uncertain eternity of time. No other worlds were created in this
Creation! Just one. The one we are on. We will not repeat the Big Bang
discussion. A slightly different outline of the Big Bang than the one given above
provides a more geologically related approach, (Luhr pp. 24-41) it takes the
history through cosmic time to the geological present. This CREATION compares with that given in
the TC. Much of what was discussed under
the SECOND CREATION applies for the most part to this CREATION, with certain modifications as noted below.
This THIRD CREATION
is identified in the King Follett Discourse (KFD): "In the Beginning the Head
of the Gods called a council of the
Gods. The Gods came together and concocted a scheme to create THIS WORLD and the inhabitants." (Cannon p. 43) Here the emphasis is on the
creation of "THIS world and its inhabitants." The SECOND
CREATION describes the creation of Kolob, the governing bodies, then the First Big Bang cycle, and then all the worlds created
at that time and up to the time when this world was to be was created, and
perhaps includes worlds beyond this world. (Moses 1:35) The quote from the KFD also seems to indicate that special
inhabitants would be considered for this world. Wasn't so?
This was a particular Council
and it was called to create THIS WORLD, for
many reasons it was special. Realizing there would ultimately be questions
about this creation, as well as many other doctrines, the Lord revealed to the
Prophet Joseph while he was in Liberty Jail, (HC 3:289-300) the great expectations
that the valiant would want to receive answers that would include: "A time to
come in the which nothing shall be
withheld, whether there be one God or many gods, they shall be manifest. All
thrones and dominions principalities and powers
shall be revealed and set forth upon all who have endured valiantly for the
gospel of Jesus Christ. And also, if there be bounds set to the heavens or to the seas, or to the dry land, or to
the sun, moon, or stars. All the times of their revolutions, all the appointed days, months, and years, and all the
days of their days, months, and years, and all their glories, laws, and set times, shall be revealed
in the days of the dispensation of the fullness of times. According to that
which was ordained in the midst of the Council
of the Eternal God of all other gods before this
world was." (D&C 121:28-32) Whatever patterns
that might be discovered by efforts in all the scientific fields, they will in
the end be modified or confirmed by the revelation of all revelations that will
answer all the questions. But the
Lord did indicate that some things "shall be revealed in the days of this dispensation of the
fullness of times!" We are in those
days, and some things we are learning certainly will qualify for some of these
data. When we learn all of what is
to come, one will be pleased to see how close one came to the realities to be revealed.
Until then one works within the
knowledge that can be ferreted out from what is available, but with the expectation
the revelations will come that will straighten out all matters and answer all
questions. The more knowledge ones obtains in this lifetime gives very solid
advantages in the world to come. (D&C 130:19)
THE FOOTSTOOL OF CHRIST
Of all the innumerable galaxies, this galaxy was selected for this particular creation Of all the worlds created or to be created,
there would be none like this world, which would be destined to be the ‘operational
footstool' of Jesus Christ for all eternities to come, (l Ne. 17:39; D&C 38:17; Moses 6:9:
Abr. 2:7) and the one on which HE, the
SAVIOR, would come, personally, to effect
the Atonement which would affect all
of the created worlds "that careen in the heavens so broad." (Millennial Star,
vol. 4, pp. 49-55: McConkie p. 65-66) Michael and many of the noble and great ones
would also come to this earth. (Abr. 3:22-23)
Born in these last days aren't you one of the noble ones?
In this encore of the Big Bang our Galaxy was in place
before 11 billion years ago. (Luhr p. 25) From a modest cloud of hydrogen
containing the mass of less then 100 trillion stars the size of our sun, the 46
galaxies of our Local Group formed. Did it take 3 billion
years for the cloud to collapse under gravity? Did it take another 3 billion
years for the disk formed by this collapse to spin and gather in clots of
hydrogen which formed stars? How long did it take for the monster black hole
with the mass of 2.6 million Suns in the center of our Galaxy to form and set
up the controlling gravity for our galaxy? (Melia p. 105) How many billions of years did it take for
six generations of Nova stars to create the final star we call our Sun? How
many billions of years did it take for seven generations of immense Supernova
stars to generate clouds of heavy elements that could be available, (Arnett p.
422) when the Father of the Gods would say: "yonder is matter unorganized, go
down and organize anther world, this one? These are areas the theorists are
working on. Due to the density of the early Universe, or this encore, it may
not have taken so much time. Otherwise some think it may have taken up to 15
billion years to reach the point when some one with authority could start
commanding a heavy element cloud to form into a world. But does time really
matter?
Regardless of the time it had taken, these preparatory
creational activities preceded the FIRST DAY of the THIRD CREATION. Everything was in place 11
billion years ago. (Luhr pp. 24-25) Supernova Stars were going through the
required cycles to provide the cloud of unorganized heavy elements, all of the
elements necessary for the organization of earth and the life forms intended to
inhabit it and their itinerary on the earth, merely awaited the commands of
authority. All of this just to serve the purposes of an earthly life of only six
millennium. An earth was formed. "Yonder is matter unorganized, let us go down and organize it into a world." (Abraham 4:1) The Gods did not have to repeat all of the
immense preparations or detail summarized for the Second Creation, they
only had to go to a place in the galaxy where there were clouds of unorganized
heavy elemental matter prepared by the previous activities and organize an earth. (Abraham 3:24: TC) This was not a creation ex niholo, or out of
nothing. (Cannon p. 44) And don't forget
the un-mortal or non-mortal world was added to the spiritual world in that ‘place'
Brigham called place of ‘glory'. All was
ready for the creating of this particular world all other preambles had been
accomplished.
STRUCTURING THE EARTH
THE FIRST
DAY
Our un-named galaxy with its clouds of heavy elements was in
place about 11 billion years ago "as Science presently considers time." (Luhr,
p. 22) The previous and preparatory tasks of the Big Bang sequences were
already accomplished or continued to be accomplished, when "They, that is the
Gods, organized and formed the heavens and the earth." (Abr. 4:1, Luhr p. 25) )
They took matter ‘unorganized' and
organized it on the FIRST DAY into this world, utilizing the laws they knew, including the laws of gravity and
Einstein's 1924 law of coalescing. It would still be some 6 billion years
before the earth would come up dry and be ready for differentiation. No duration
of time is given for this FIRST DAY, the time it took can only be
conjectured. How much of the available 6 billion years would it take to
assemble the heavy element cloud into a world? Some estimates will be mentioned
in what follows. So the earth was formed
and patterned after earths that had preceded it.
THE SECOND DAY:
On the SECOND DAY (TC and Abr. 4:6-8) the
organizational activities resulted in what is called differentiation. (Howell,
p. 81) The earth, organized into a spherical form from the cloud or clouds of
heavy elements on the First Day, now, under the influence of gravity
heated up, the earth was mostly molten. The heavy elements accumulated in the
center of the earth, forming a solid core at a depth of 3,200 miles, mostly of iron
and nickel. Around the solid core there formed a liquid core, at a depth of 1800
miles. The molten liquid core is slowly cooling and will harden. The spin of
the solid core inside the liquid core forms the magnetic field and other
critical aspects of the earth. (Luhr pp. 26-27, 54-57) When the liquid core
solidifies the earth will lose its magnetic field. The implications of this are
apparent. Then the lower mantel, middle and upper mantel formed, and finally
the Conrad Layer, or Crust of the earth with all the light phase lower-temperature-melting
elements, completed the process of differentiation. As the earth cooled, those
elements that were in liquid or gaseous form at the temperatures near the
surface, concentrated in the continental
rocks, crust or Conrad layer. Here most of the valuable elements and minerals accumulated.
The differentiation was finalized with the oceanic waters and atmosphere. (Abraham
4:7, 10) The original surface was eroded away; zircons from the old crust are
found in Western Australia
and are dated at 3.9 to 4.4 billion years. No remnants of the original crust
have as yet been found, though they might be some day. The earth was beautified
and prepared for man, though there was some fine tuning to be done. (TC) Waters had to be cleaned up, the atmosphere,
had to be balanced.
The tasks of the SECOND DAY were finished. Present science dates this final differentiation
at about 4.56 to 5 billion years ago. (Luhr,
p. 22) or 4.6 billion (Coles p. 85) Once the differentiation was finished, the
earth then could be prepared further for man. The first accurate age of the earth rocks 4.55 billion years, had been obtained by
physicist Claire Patterson in 1956. (Luhr p. 27) But they keep on fine tuning the dates.
Day Two is a very most important part of
the creational cycles for this Earth; it was the completion of the earth in its
fully differentiated form, with continents, oceans, mountains and deserts, and
tectonic plates that would play a role in the development of the desired
features of the earth. Limited erosion could then get underway, to be
accelerated when the Sun was put in place. It was necessary to separate
individual atoms of the elements necessary for all forms of life from the
minerals and rocks where they were located. To be used in life forms, these
elements had to accumulate on land and in the aqueous areas of the earth,
oceans, lakes, etc. Until there was actual life, there could be no coal or oil.
Ninety percent of all the iron ores of the world were deposited by little foraminifera
and fusulinidae, (Shimer p. 25) cleaning
the iron out of toxic waters. At death, their tiny bodies retained the iron thy
had filtered out of iron enriched waters to form matts and layers of iron..
(Luhr p. 28) They were the first
environmentalists and they get ‘no credit'. Without the single drop of oil in the shell of
fusulinidae retained at death, accumulating in porous rock formations there
would have been no oil. Immense masses of plant life were required for coal. However,
most coal and oil were prepared on the Fourth
and Fifth days. . The earth was
being prepared for man
THE THIRD DAY
THE SUN AND THE MOON
The THIRD DAY started at about 4.6 billion years
ago. The two heavenly lights the, sun and the moon, were assembled for the
earth. The accumulated Nova Star clouds of hydrogen and helium were assembled to
make a Sun, about 4.56 billion years ago. (Luhr p. 25) About 4.2 billion years ago the sun turned on,
or ignited, fusing hydrogen into helium and then into a few of the higher elements.
But the Sun can only produce up to about 27 elements, and only very little of
them, less than l %; and very few of the really heavy elements the trace
elements needed for mortal life. The earth could not have originated as some
theories indicate, from the sun. The sun was created to provide light of a
particular character, turning on about 4.2 billion years ago.
Did the THIRD DAY commence before 4.8 billion years ago and then 400 million years
later, into the THIRD DAY, the sun and
moon were configured with the earth? The
moon was created about 4.5 billion years ago, three hundred million year before
the Sun turned on. (Luhr p. 26) No doubt more details will be established as to
ages when the future moon trips are accomplished. With the moon in place the
earth assumed an axis tilt of about 24-27 degrees and seasons were
established. Mars has severe problems
for most life forms because it has two moons.
At about 4.2 billion years ago, the earth now had sun light
and the food chain with photosynthesis could be developed, then present
conditions could commence. Photosynthesis
is not a theory, it is a Law. But you have to get the Magnesium for the
molecule of chlorophyll, (Elliot pp. 168-169) from solid granite, so the earth
had to be eroded to yield its
various elements from which the substances of life could be made. It takes more
than 2,200 molecules of chlorophyll to process two photons of light to produce
sugars and energy. Genesis and other accounts have plant life placed on the
earth on the Third Day, before there is sun light and photosynthesis, clearly a
change has to be made. At trials held as to whether or not to teach Genesis as
Science and Science as Theory, the Judges often ask the plaintiffs to return
the Bible to the original author and get him to revise the text. Joseph in his
endowment presentations of 1842 changed the order of things. (TC) This was a
huge correction.
The Moon was configured from existing matter also, from
similar materials from which the earth was formed, but with enough differences that
the trace elements from moon rocks differ from those of the earth to show a
distinction in origin and time. The moon was also put in place, but took a long
time to stabilize to its present position and function. It functions is to rule
the seasons and influence the axis angle of the earth and oceanic tides. When
the sun turned on the Moon was in place and rocks recovered from the Moon
reflect the time of the radiation damage.
The THIRD DAY ended 2.55 billion years ago as
noted below. The l.65 billion years from the time the sun ignited until the end
of the third day there was ample time for the surface rocks to be eroded and
the assembly of particles and elements to be gathered for inclusion in life
forms. However, this additional time was required. After the Sun ignited "it
was only 70 % of its current brightness." (Birriel p. 18) It took this time for
the Sun to achieve its required emission of light and heat for the earth. Also,
time was required for the Moon to achieve its proper position in relationship
to the earth. The Gods saw that their work was executed as planned. (Abraham
4:10-11) Plants were created on the Fourth Day that would start that important food chain cycle that required
that source of energy. But until then and during the closing years of the Third day, primitive life forms that
derived energy from hydrogen sulfide and other methods were in place to make
their contribution. As noted, studies of ancient rocks indicate the sun was
less luminous during this early period, (Birriel p. 18) but liquid water would
have been available since the end of the Second day. Earth's oldest life bearing rocks, so far identified,
are found in northern Canada and in southwestern Greenland, (Luhr p. 27) dating
nearly 4 billion years ago and contain rounded pebbles from previous ages of
erosion. By 3.2 Billion years the rocks exhibit mud cracks, ripple marks, and
microfossil algae, now called stromatolites. (Birriel p. 14; Luhr p. 28) The
earth was being prepared for man.
The FOURTH and FIFTH DAYS consumed 2.55 billion years. With the sun came the white light
we see with our naked eyes. The Earth was now ready for the phases an |
